Background and aim: Sexual function is associated with emotional-physiological, cultural and personal factors. World Health Organization recently defined sexual health as "the experience of the ongoing process of physical, psychological and sociocultural well-being related to sexuality. Sexual dysfunctions are particularly prevalent among women seeking routine gynecological care. Addressing sexual problems is an essential part of health care standards. The Aim of this study was to determine sexual satisfaction, sexual function disorders and associated factors in women of Reproductive age who attended to Dezful health centers, Iran in 1387.Material and Method: A descriptive-cross-sectional design was used. The sample of the study consisted of 250 women of Reproductive age who attended to health centers in Dezful, Iran. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire, and sexual function questionnaire. The validity of questionnaire was determined by content validity. Reliability was confirmed by test re-test.Findings: Mean score of total sexual function was 27.4±7.3. The study findings showed that 64.6% of respondents had sexual dysfunction. There was also a significant correlation between sexual satisfaction and sexual function (p<0.001). The results of this study indicated that the majority of participations (78.6%) experienced good sexual satisfaction. Domain of sexual desire and sexual function indicated significant correlation with age, marriage age and educational level (p<0.05).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that inability at induce a healthy communication and pleasure with sexual partner can result in physical, psychological and social problems. Young couple education can improve their recognition of sexual relation and should be a part of pre marriage consultation. The findings of this study indicated that sexual dysfunction is prevalent.

Purpose: A wide variety of environmental chemicals/xenobiotics including phthalates have been shown to cause oxidative stress targeting the endocrine system and cause Reproductive anomalies. The present review describes various issues by oxidative stress causing male Reproductive dysfunctions. Here in this review, the importance and role of phthalate compounds in male Reproductive dysfunction has been well documented. Materials and Methods: One class of environmental endocrine disruptors is phthalates. Phthalate compounds are mostly used as plasticizers, which increase the flexibility, durability, longevity, and etc. of the plastics. Large-scale use of plastic products in our daily life as well as thousands of workers engaged in the manufacture of plastic and plastic products and recycling plastic industry are potentially exposed to these chemicals. Further, general population as well as vulnerable groups i. e. children and pregnant women are also exposed to these chemicals. Phthalates are among wide variety of environmental toxicants capable of compromising male fertility by inducing a state of oxidative stress in the testes. They may also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may affect various physiological and Reproductive functions. Results: The available data points out that phthalate compounds may also induce oxidative stress in the male Reproductive organs mainly testis and epididymis. They impair spermatogenic process by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in germ cells or target sertoli cells and thereby hamper spermatogenesis. They also impair the Leydig cell function by inducing ROS, thereby decreasing the levels of steroidogenic enzymes. Conclusion: Thus in utero and postnatal exposure to phthalate compounds might lead to decreased sperm count and various other Reproductive anomalies in the young male.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and its relationship with Reproductive variables in married women in urban areas of Kohgilouyeh–Boyerahmad Province. Methods: This cross-sectional study covered urban areas of Kohgilouyeh–Boyerahmad Province. Using a quota sampling method, an ad hoc questionnaire containing items on demographic and Reproductive variables, was administered to women attending primary health care delivery centers. Sexual dysfunctions were defined by the DSM-IV criteria. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 1540 married women residing in urban areas were studied. The mean age of the respondents was 33.2 (SD=9.4) years and most were housewives (%84.5). The self–reported frequencies of different FSDs were as follows: loss of desire (%35.1), dyspareunia (%34.9), anorgasmia (%34.5) and loss of arousal (%31.6). Binary logistic regression analysis showed the following risk factors for various FSDs: loss of desire: "age" [46 ³y: OR=3.07(1.58-5.99)], "pelvic surgery" [Cesarean Section: OR=1.57(1.13-2.18)]. loss of arousal: "age" [36-45y: OR=2.20(1.27-3.79)], "contraceptive method" [depoprovera/ norplant/withdrawal: OR=1.81(1.15-2.85)] anorgasmia: "age at marriage" [7-15y: OR=2.93(1.33-6.42)], "contraceptive method" [depoprovera/ norplant/withdrawal: OR=1.62(1.06-2.49)] dyspareunia: "age" [31-35y: OR=0.48(0.29-0.77)], "education" [high school: OR=1.84(1.10-3.07)], "contraceptive method" [condom: OR = 1.80 (1.02-3.18)].Conclusion: The findings indicate that FSD is prevalent in the study population. The effects of demographic and Reproductive variables should be considered in management of these disorders.

Background: The oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora myrrha (myrrh) has a long history of therapeutic use in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to seek for the scientific evidence to determine whether the ethanolic extract of myrrh (EEM) has any beneficial effects on Streptozotocin (STZ) induced testicular impairments, and explore the possible mechanisms underlying such actions. Methods: Forty-eight severe and complicated diabetic rats (fasting blood glucose above 350 mg/dL), randomly were divided into six equal groups (n=8). Besides, eight healthy rats allocated as a normal control group and only treated with vehicle solution. The diabetic animals orally received the extract (100, 200, 300, and 500 mg/kg), metformin (500 mg/kg) or vehicle solution for 28 days. As a final point, plasma glucose and insulin, circulatory sex hormones, sperm parameters including sperm concentration, motility and viability and also testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. Furthermore, quantitative histological evaluation of seminiferous tubules area and determination of germinal cells apoptosis were performed. Results: None of the studied doses of EEM showed anti-diabetic effects. However, the extract mainly at the maximum dose (500 mg/kg) exhibited beneficial effects on Reproductive impairments. The EEM treated rats mainly at 500 mg/kg had significantly higher sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm viability, sex hormones and lower testicular MDA and germ cell apoptosis index than untreated diabetic rats. Conclusion: These results indicated that EEM may have beneficial effects against Reproductive dysfunction induced by diabetes. The mechanisms behind the effects might be associated with the EEM sex hormone booster potential, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Objective: Cisplatin has been established to cause Reproductive dysfunction; Cochlospermum planchonii is globally used in folklore medicine and has numerous therapeutic benefits. This study focused on fertility enhancing activities of Cochlospermum planchonii (Cp) on cisplatin-induced Reproductive dysfunctions. Materials and methods: Total of 30 male and 30 female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. The male rats randomly assigned into Group A (control) was given normal saline 2 ml/kg, Group B, C, D and E rats received(single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin (i. p. ) on the first day), (500 mg/kg body weight (bwt) of Cponce once daily for 14 days), (single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin (i. p. ) on 1st day followed by 500 mg/kg bwt of Cp once daily for 14 days) and (single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin on first day followed by 50 mg/kg vitamin C for 14 days). Parameters tested include Reproductive hormones, testicular histology, testicular antioxidants, semen parameters and fertility test. Results: Histological profile of the testes revealed derangement of the testis cytoarchitecture; Seminiferous epithelium, body, testes, accessory sex organs weight and sperm parameters, were significantly reduced (p <0. 05). Hormonal assay showed significant changes in testosterone (p< 0. 05) while luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone remained unchanged following cisplatin administration and a marked improvement was observed after Cochlospermum planchonii administration. Similarly, Cochlospermum planchonii improved the reduction of antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) and the increased MDA caused by cisplatin ingestion. Conclusion: Cochlospermum planchonii may thus offer protection against free radical mediated oxidative stress of rats with cisplatin induced Reproductive dysfunction.

Aim: The current study was designed to understand the destructive effects of mancozeb on BTB in an in vitro model. Material and Methods: Male mice were gavage-administered MZB (250, 500 mg/kg w. w) for 40 consecutive days. Integrity of BTB was evaluated using Evans blue dye. The relative mRNA expression of BTB-associated genes; including N-cadherin, claudin-11 and zonula occludens-1 was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction in different groups (qRT-PCR). Results: Concentration of Evans Blue dye in the lumen of seminiferous tubules was increased in mancozeb-treated animals. The mRNA expression levels of N-cadherin, claudin-11 and zonula occludens-1 genes were decreased significantly in the MZB 500 mg/kg group compared with the control group. Conclusion: According to the obtained data, it could be concluded that mancozeb increase BTB permeability leading to testicular dysfunction by the alteration of BTB-associated genes.

The present study has been designed to find out the effects of forced swimming-induced oxidative stress imposition on primary and secondary sex organs and its protection by plant extract in male Wistar strain rats. This work has been designed to find out the scientific basis of the local use of the composite extract of root of Withania somnifera, leaf of Ocimum sanctum and rhizome of Zingiber officinale by village Ayurvedic doctors to protect the health disorders in connection to strenuous physical exercise, and also to search out the potentiality of above mentioned plant products on swimming-induced oxidative damage. Forced intermittent swimming for 8 hours /day for 28 days resulted a significant elevation in the level of products of free radical i.e., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated dienes along with significant diminution in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione–S–transferase in testis, prostate and seminal vesicle which were protected significantly after co-administration of methano-lic extract of said plant parts in composite manner. Testicular steroidogenesis was assessed in this condtion by measuring plasma levels of testosterone, which was diminished significantly in swimming group and was protected significantly by the composite extract of the plants parts. The antioxidative potency of this composite extract was compared with potent and standard antioxidant i.e., vitamin-E in forced swimming state. This herbal extract has no toxic effect on metabolic organs that has denoted here by the measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities in liver and kidney. The results suggest that swimming-induced oxidative stress on male sex organs may be protected by using above mentioned medicinal plants extract. 

Sexual dysfunctions have a high prevalence in psychiatric patients. These dysfunctions may arise due to the pathology or drug treatment approaches of psychiatric disorders. Several studies have explored the connection between sexual dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders. This review study aims to investigate this relationship and its various aspects by analyzing numerous research studies in this area. Overall, the findings of these studies indicate the significant impact of psychiatric disorders and medications on the development of sexual dysfunctions. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (such as psychosis and hallucinations) and its negative symptoms (such as anhedonia) can have adverse effects on interpersonal and sexual relationships. Depression and mood disorders can influence libido, sexual arousal, orgasm, and erectile function. Traditional antidepressants have more adverse effects on sexual functions compared to second-generation antidepressants. Additionally, anxiety disorders can impact sexual dysfunctions like sexual desire disorder, erectile function, and orgasm issues. Individuals with feeding and eating disorders may experience sexual problems. Personality disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder, are associated with sexual dysfunctions. Despite these findings, studies in this field have fundamental methodological limitations that need to be considered in future research. 

Sexual dysfunctions are highly prevalent among patients with psychiatric disorders. They may be caused by the psychopathology and pharmacotherapy of the psychiatric disorders. There are many researches that studing relations between sexual dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders. Results of these studies show that psychiatric disorders have important role in development of sexual dysfunctions. Positive (e.g., psychosis, hallucinations) and negative symptoms (e.g., anhedonia) of schizophrenia may negatively interfere with interpersonal and sexual relationships. Classic antipsychotics have more sexual side-effects than second generation antipsychotics. Depresion and mood disorders may affect libido, sexual arousal, orgasm, and erectile function. Antidepressant, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) cause sexual side-effects. Also anxiety disorders effect on sexual sysfunctions such as sexual desire disorder, erectile dysfunction and orgasm problems. Patients with eating disorders may suffer from sexual difficulties.  Personality disorders, mainly borderline personality disorder, are also associated with sexual dysfunctions. Despite of this results, Research in this area suffers from substantial methodologic limitations that be considerd in future studies.